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costs of use

  • 1 costs of use

    costs of use VR Nutzungskosten pl

    English-German dictionary of Architecture and Construction > costs of use

  • 2 use costs

    Экономика: альтернативные издержки производства (напр. при предполагаемом изменении технологического процесса)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > use costs

  • 3 relevant costs

    relevant costs ACC, ECON entscheidungsrelevante Kosten pl, relevante Kosten pl, zielbedeutsame Kosten pl, zweckerhebliche Kosten pl, Differenzkosten pl (the cost of using a resource in one activity is measured in terms of its best alternative use; if several opportunities are given up relevant costs are the value assigned to the best or highest alternative; synonymous: incremental cost, alternative cost; Bereitstellung relevanter, zweckneutraler Kosten für die entscheidungsorientierte Kostenrechnung = functional accounting, insbesondere die Einzelkosten- und Grenzplankostenrechnung)

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > relevant costs

  • 4 setup costs

    Gen Mgt
    the costs associated with making a workstation or equipment available for use. Setup costs include the personnel needed to set up the equipment, the cost of down time during a new setup, and the resources and time needed to test the new setup to achieve the specification of the parts or materials produced.

    The ultimate business dictionary > setup costs

  • 5 push up costs

    1) Экономика: увеличивать цены (from English Collocations in Use Advanced, p.72)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > push up costs

  • 6 alternative use costs

    Макаров: альтернативные издержки производства (напр. при предполагаемом изменении технологического процесса)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > alternative use costs

  • 7 regular

    належний, правильний, який потрібно; формальний; належно оформлений, вчинений за формою; який відповідає вимогам права, який узгоджується з правом, відповідний праву; законний, правомірний; загальногромадянський ( про паспорт тощо); черговий (прикм.); штатний
    - regular administration
    - regular administrator
    - regular appointment
    - regular civil police
    - regular consultations
    - regular court
    - regular deposit
    - regular due
    - regular election
    - regular elections
    - regular forces
    - regular form of marriage
    - regular grand juror
    - regular grand jury
    - regular judge
    - regular juror
    - regular jurors
    - regular jury
    - regular leave
    - regular marriage
    - regular meeting
    - regular member
    - regular occupation
    - regular on the face
    - regular passport
    - regular police
    - regular proceeding
    - regular proceedings
    - regular process
    - regular recourse
    - regular session of parliament
    - regular statutory costs
    - regular use
    - regular vacation
    - regular veto
    - regular warrant

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > regular

  • 8 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 9 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

    [br]
    b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USA
    d. 3 May 1969 California, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer of diesel rail traction.
    [br]
    Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.
    Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.
    In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.
    Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

  • 10 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 11 Currencies and money

    write say
    25 c vingt-cinq cents
    1 €* un euro
    1,50† € un euro cinquante or un euro cinquante cents
    2 € deux euros
    2,75 € deux euros soixante-quinze
    20 € vingt euros
    100 € cent euros
    1000 € mille euros
    1000000 € un million d’euros
    * Note that French normally puts the abbreviation after the amount, unlike British (£1) or American English ($1). However, in some official documents amounts may be given as €10000 etc.
    French uses a comma to separate units (e.g. 2,75 €), where English normally has a period (e.g. £5.50).
    there are 100 cents in one euro
    = il y a 100 cents dans un euro
    a hundred-euro note
    = un billet de cent euros
    a twenty-euro note
    = un billet de vingt euros
    a two-euro coin
    = une pièce de deux euros
    a 50-cent piece
    = une pièce de cinquante cents
    British money
    write say
    1p un penny
    25p vingt-cinq pence or vingt-cinq pennies
    50p cinquante pence or cinquante pennies
    £1 une livre
    £1.50 une livre cinquante or une livre cinquante pence
    £2.00 deux livres
    a five-pound note
    = un billet de cinq livres
    a pound coin
    = une pièce d’une livre
    a 50p piece
    = une pièce de cinquante pence
    American money
    write say
    12c douze cents
    $1 un dollar
    $1.50 un dollar cinquante or un dollar cinquante cents
    a ten-dollar bill
    = un billet de dix dollars
    a dollar bill
    = un billet d’un dollar
    a dollar coin
    = une pièce d’un dollar
    How much?
    how much is it? or how much does it cost?
    = combien est-ce que cela coûte?
    it’s 15 euros
    = cela coûte 15 euros
    the price of the book is 30 euros
    = le prix du livre est de§ 30 euros
    the car costs 15,000 euros
    = la voiture coûte 15000 euros
    it costs over 500 euros
    = ça coûte plus de 500 euros
    just under 1,000 euros
    = un peu moins de 1000 euros
    more than 200 euros
    = plus de 200 euros
    less than 200 euros
    = moins de 200 euros
    it costs 15 euros a metre
    = cela coûte 15 euros le mètre
    another ten pounds
    = encore dix livres
    § The de is obligatory here.
    In the following examples, note the use of à in French to introduce the amount that something costs:
    a two-euro stamp
    = un timbre à deux euros
    a £10 ticket
    = un billet à 10 livres
    and the use of de to introduce the amount that something consists of:
    a £500 cheque
    = un chèque de 500 livres
    a two-thousand-pound grant
    = une bourse de deux mille livres
    Handling money
    200 euros in cash
    = 200 euros en liquide
    a cheque for 500 euros
    = un chèque de 500 euros
    to change a 100-euro note
    = faire la monnaie d’un billet de 100 euros
    a dollar travellers’ check
    = un chèque de voyage en dollars
    a sterling travellers’ cheque
    = un chèque de voyage en livres
    a £100 travellers’ cheque
    = un chèque de voyage de 100 livres
    there are 1.12 euros to the dollar
    = le dollar vaut 1,12 euros
    to pay in pounds
    = payer en livres
    to make a transaction in euros
    = faire une transaction en euros

    Big English-French dictionary > Currencies and money

  • 12 keep

    ki:p
    1. past tense, past participle - kept; verb
    1) (to have for a very long or indefinite period of time: He gave me the picture to keep.) guardar
    2) (not to give or throw away; to preserve: I kept the most interesting books; Can you keep a secret?) guardar
    3) (to (cause to) remain in a certain state or position: I keep this gun loaded; How do you keep cool in this heat?; Will you keep me informed of what happens?) mantener, conservar
    4) (to go on (performing or repeating a certain action): He kept walking.) continuar, seguir
    5) (to have in store: I always keep a tin of baked beans for emergencies.) guardar
    6) (to look after or care for: She keeps the garden beautifully; I think they keep hens.) tener; cuidar (un jardín); criar, dedicarse a criar (animales)
    7) (to remain in good condition: That meat won't keep in this heat unless you put it in the fridge.) conservar
    8) (to make entries in (a diary, accounts etc): She keeps a diary to remind her of her appointments; He kept the accounts for the club.) tener; llevar (al día)
    9) (to hold back or delay: Sorry to keep you.) retener, entretener
    10) (to provide food, clothes, housing for (someone): He has a wife and child to keep.) mantener
    11) (to act in the way demanded by: She kept her promise.) cumplir
    12) (to celebrate: to keep Christmas.) celebrar

    2. noun
    (food and lodging: She gives her mother money every week for her keep; Our cat really earns her keep - she kills all the mice in the house.) sustento
    - keeping
    - keep-fit
    - keepsake
    - for keeps
    - in keeping with
    - keep away
    - keep back
    - keep one's distance
    - keep down
    - keep one's end up
    - keep from
    - keep going
    - keep hold of
    - keep house for
    - keep house
    - keep in
    - keep in mind
    - keep it up
    - keep off
    - keep on
    - keep oneself to oneself
    - keep out
    - keep out of
    - keep time
    - keep to
    - keep something to oneself
    - keep to oneself
    - keep up
    - keep up with the Joneses
    - keep watch

    keep1 n manutención
    I earn my keep by looking after the house a cambio de comida y cobijo, vigilo la casa
    keep2 vb
    1. quedarse / guardar
    I'm only lending it to you, you can't keep it sólo te lo dejo prestado, no te lo puedes quedar
    2. guardar / tener
    3. entretener / retener
    4. quedarse / permanecer
    keep quiet! ¡cállate!
    5. mantener
    6. seguir / continuar
    7. conservarse / durar
    don't stop, keep talking no pares, sigue hablando
    tr[kiːp]
    1 (board) sustento, mantenimiento
    2 (of castle) torreón nombre masculino, torre nombre femenino del homenaje
    transitive verb (pt & pp kept tr[kept])
    2 (not give back) quedarse con
    3 (have) tener; (carry) llevar
    4 (look after, save) guardar
    can you keep me a loaf of bread for Friday? ¿me guarda una barra de pan para el viernes?
    5 (put away, store) guardar
    where do you keep the glasses? ¿dónde guardas los vasos?
    6 (reserve) reservar
    7 (detain) retener, hacer esperar; (hold up) entretener
    what kept you? ¿cómo es que llegas tan tarde?
    8 (shop, hotel etc) tener, llevar
    9 (have in stock) tener, vender
    I'm afraid we don't keep cigars lo siento, pero no vendemos puros
    10 (support) mantener
    11 (animals) tener
    our eggs are really fresh, we keep our own hens nuestros huevos son fresquísimos, tenemos gallinas
    12 (promise) cumplir
    13 (secret) guardar
    can you keep a secret? ¿sabes guardar un secreto?
    14 (appointment) acudir a, no faltar a
    please 'phone if you are unable to keep your appointment por favor, llame si no puede acudir a la visita
    15 (order) mantener
    16 (tradition) observar
    17 (with adj, verb, etc) mantener
    1 (do repeatedly) no dejar de; (do continuously) seguir, continuar
    don't keep interrupting me! ¡deja de interrumpirme!
    2 (stay fresh) conservarse
    I've got some news for you, but it'll keep till tomorrow tengo algo que decirte, pero puede esperar hasta mañana
    3 (continue in direction) continuar, seguir
    keep left/right circula por la izquierda/derecha
    4 (with adj, verb etc) quedarse, permanecer
    keep still! ¡estáte quieto!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    for keeps para siempre
    how are you keeping? ¿cómo estás?
    keep it up! ¡ánimo!
    keep the change quédese con la vuelta
    to keep going seguir (adelante)
    to keep one's head no perder la cabeza
    to keep quiet callarse, no hacer ruido
    to keep somebody company hacerle compañía a alguien
    to keep somebody from doing something impedir que alguien haga algo
    to keep something from somebody ocultar algo a alguien
    to keep something clean conservar algo limpio,-a
    to keep something to oneself no decir algo, guardar algo para sí
    you can't keep a good man down los buenos siempre salen adelante
    keep ['ki:p] v, kept ['kpt] ; keeping vt
    1) : cumplir (la palabra a uno), acudir a (una cita)
    2) observe: observar (una fiesta)
    3) guard: guardar, cuidar
    4) continue: mantener
    to keep silence: mantener silencio
    5) support: mantener (una familia)
    6) raise: criar (animales)
    7) : llevar, escribir (un diario, etc.)
    8) retain: guardar, conservar, quedarse con
    9) store: guardar
    10) detain: hacer quedar, detener
    11) preserve: guardar
    to keep a secret: guardar un secreto
    keep vi
    1) : conservarse (dícese de los alimentos)
    2) continue: seguir, no dejar
    he keeps on pestering us: no deja de molestarnos
    3)
    to keep from : abstenerse de
    I couldn't keep from laughing: no podía contener la risa
    keep n
    1) tower: torreón m (de un castillo), torre f del homenaje
    2) sustenance: manutención f, sustento m
    3)
    for keeps : para siempre
    n.
    torre del homenaje (Arquitectura) s.f.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: kept) = conservar v.
    cuidar v.
    custodiar v.
    detener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    guardar v.
    guarecer v.
    mantener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    permanecer v.
    preservar v.
    sostener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    kiːp
    I
    1) ( living) sustento m, manutención f

    for keeps: if they win the cup again, it's theirs for keeps — si vuelven a ganar la copa, se la quedan para siempre

    2) (in castle, fortress) torre f del homenaje

    II
    1.
    (past & past p kept) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( not throw away) \<\<receipt/ticket\>\> guardar, conservar; ( not give back) quedarse con; ( not lose) conservar

    you can keep your lousy job! — (colloq) se puede guardar su porquería de trabajo!

    b) (look after, reserve)
    2) ( store) guardar

    where do you keep the coffee? — ¿dónde guardas or tienes el café?

    3) ( reserve for future use) guardar, dejar
    4)
    a) ( raise) \<\<pigs/bees\>\> criar*
    b) (manage, run) \<\<stall/guesthouse\>\> tener*
    5)
    a) ( support) mantener*
    b) ( maintain)

    she keeps a diaryescribe or lleva un diario

    I've kept a note o record of everything — he tomado nota de todo, lo tengo todo anotado

    6)
    a) (cause to remain, continue) mantener*

    to keep somebody/something + -ing: to keep somebody guessing tener* a algn en ascuas; he kept the engine running — mantuvo el motor en marcha

    b) ( detain)

    what kept you? — ¿por qué tardaste?, ¿qué te retuvo?

    they kept her in hospitalla dejaron ingresada or (CS, Méx tb) internada

    7) (adhere to, fulfil) \<\<promise/vow\>\> cumplir
    8) (observe, celebrate) celebrar; ( Relig) guardar

    2.
    keep vi
    1) ( remain) mantenerse*

    to keep fit — mantenerse* en forma

    to keep awake — mantenerse* despierto, no dormirse*

    can't you keep quiet? — ¿no te puedes estar callado?

    keep still!estáte quieto! or quédate quieto!

    2)
    a) ( continue) seguir*

    keep left/right — siga por la izquierda/derecha

    to keep -ing — seguir* + ger

    he keeps interfering — está continuamente entrometiéndose, no deja de entrometerse

    I keep forgetting to bring itnunca me acuerdo or siempre me olvido de traerlo

    3)
    a) \<\<food\>\> conservarse (fresco)
    b) \<\<news/matter\>\> esperar

    I have something to tell you - will it keep till later? — tengo algo que decirte - ¿puede esperar a más tarde?

    how are you keeping? — ¿qué tal estás? (fam)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [kiːp] (vb: pt, pp kept)
    1. TRANSITIVE VERB
    When keep is part of a set combination, eg to keep an appointment. to keep a promise, to keep one's seat, look up the noun.
    1) (=retain) [+ change, copy] quedarse con; [+ receipt] guardar; [+ business, customer, colour] conservar

    is this jacket worth keeping? — ¿merece la pena guardar esta chaqueta?

    he is to keep his job in spite of the incidentva a mantener or conservar el trabajo a pesar del incidente

    this material will keep its colour/softness — este material conservará su color/suavidad

    to keep sth for o.s. — quedarse con algo

    2) (=save, put aside) guardar, reservar

    I'm keeping this wine in case we have visitorsvoy a guardar or reservar este vino por si tenemos visitas

    I was keeping it for you — lo guardaba para ti

    3) (=have ready)
    4) (=store, put) (gen) guardar; (in museum) conservar

    where do you keep the sugar? — ¿dónde guardas el azúcar?

    5) (=house)
    6) (=detain) tener

    he was kept in hospital over night — lo tuvieron una noche en el hospital, le hicieron pasar la noche en el hospital

    7) (=delay) entretener

    I mustn't keep youno quiero entretenerte

    what kept you? — ¿por qué te has retrasado?

    8) (=have) [+ shop, hotel, house, servant] tener; [+ pigs, bees, chickens] criar
    9) (=stock) tener
    10) (=support) [+ family, mistress] mantener

    to keep o.s. — mantenerse

    the extra money keeps me in beer and cigarettes — el dinero extra me da para (comprar) cerveza y cigarrillos

    11) (=fulfil, observe) [+ promise, agreement, obligation] cumplir; [+ law, rule] observar; [+ appointment] acudir a, ir a; [+ feast day] observar
    12) (=not divulge)

    to keep sth from sb — ocultar algo a algn

    keep it to yourself *no se lo digas a nadie

    but he kept the news to himself — pero se guardó la noticia, pero no comunicó la noticia a nadie

    13) (=maintain)
    a) [+ accounts] llevar; [+ diary] escribir
    b) with adjective mantener; (less formal) tener

    to keep sth cleanconservar or mantener algo limpio; (less formal) tener algo limpio

    to keep o.s. clean — no ensuciarse, mantenerse limpio

    keep the sauce hot (in recipe book) mantener la salsa caliente

    to keep inflation as low as possible — mantener la inflación tan baja como sea posible

    to keep sth safe — guardar algo bien, guardar algo en un lugar seguro

    try to keep your head stillintenta no mover la cabeza

    to keep sth warmmantener algo caliente

    the garden is well kept — el jardín está muy bien cuidado

    fixed 1., 3), happy 1., 3), post I, 2., 4)
    c) + -ing

    keep him talking while I... — entretenlo hablando mientras yo...

    go 1., 24)
    14) (=hold)

    to keep sb at it — obligar a algn a seguir trabajando

    I'll keep you to your promise — haré que cumplas tu promesa

    counsel 1., 1)
    15) (=prevent)

    to keep sb from doing sth — impedir que algn haga algo

    what can we do to keep it from happening again — ¿qué podemos hacer para evitar que se repita?

    to keep o.s. from doing sth — contener las ganas de hacer algo, aguantarse de hacer algo *

    16) (=guard, protect) guardar

    God keep you! — ¡Dios te guarde!

    17)

    to keep o.s. to o.s. — guardar las distancias

    2. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=remain)

    try to keep calmintenta mantener la calma

    to keep fitmantenerse en forma

    it will keep fresh for weeks — se conservará fresco durante semanas

    to keep healthymantenerse sano

    keep very quietno hagas nada de ruido

    you must keep stilltienes que estarte or quedarte muy quieto

    to keep togetherno separarse

    he was jumping up and down to keep warmestaba dando saltos para mantener el calor

    b) with preposition/adverb
    2)

    to keep doing sth —

    a) (=continue) seguir haciendo algo

    keep smiling! * — ¡no te desanimes!

    keep going! — ¡no pares!

    b) (=do repeatedly) no hacer más que hacer algo
    3) (in directions) (=continue) seguir

    keep due north until you come to... — siga en dirección norte hasta que llegue a...

    4) (=not go off) [food] conservarse fresco, conservarse bien
    5) * (=wait) esperar

    how are you keeping? — ¿qué tal (estás)? (Sp) *, ¿como or qué tal te va? *, ¿cómo sigues? (LAm) *, ¿qué hubo? (Mex, Chile) *

    she's keeping better — está mejor, se encuentra mejor

    7) (=avoid)

    to keep from doing sth — evitar hacer algo; (=abstain from) abstenerse de hacer algo

    3. NOUN
    1) (=livelihood, food)

    I got £30 a week and my keep — me daban 30 libras a la semana y comida y cama

    I pay £50 a week for my keep — la pensión me cuesta 50 libras a la semana

    to earn one's keep — ganarse el sustento; (fig) justificar el gasto

    2) (Archit) torreón m, torre f del homenaje
    3) (=permanently)
    * * *
    [kiːp]
    I
    1) ( living) sustento m, manutención f

    for keeps: if they win the cup again, it's theirs for keeps — si vuelven a ganar la copa, se la quedan para siempre

    2) (in castle, fortress) torre f del homenaje

    II
    1.
    (past & past p kept) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( not throw away) \<\<receipt/ticket\>\> guardar, conservar; ( not give back) quedarse con; ( not lose) conservar

    you can keep your lousy job! — (colloq) se puede guardar su porquería de trabajo!

    b) (look after, reserve)
    2) ( store) guardar

    where do you keep the coffee? — ¿dónde guardas or tienes el café?

    3) ( reserve for future use) guardar, dejar
    4)
    a) ( raise) \<\<pigs/bees\>\> criar*
    b) (manage, run) \<\<stall/guesthouse\>\> tener*
    5)
    a) ( support) mantener*
    b) ( maintain)

    she keeps a diaryescribe or lleva un diario

    I've kept a note o record of everything — he tomado nota de todo, lo tengo todo anotado

    6)
    a) (cause to remain, continue) mantener*

    to keep somebody/something + -ing: to keep somebody guessing tener* a algn en ascuas; he kept the engine running — mantuvo el motor en marcha

    b) ( detain)

    what kept you? — ¿por qué tardaste?, ¿qué te retuvo?

    they kept her in hospitalla dejaron ingresada or (CS, Méx tb) internada

    7) (adhere to, fulfil) \<\<promise/vow\>\> cumplir
    8) (observe, celebrate) celebrar; ( Relig) guardar

    2.
    keep vi
    1) ( remain) mantenerse*

    to keep fit — mantenerse* en forma

    to keep awake — mantenerse* despierto, no dormirse*

    can't you keep quiet? — ¿no te puedes estar callado?

    keep still!estáte quieto! or quédate quieto!

    2)
    a) ( continue) seguir*

    keep left/right — siga por la izquierda/derecha

    to keep -ing — seguir* + ger

    he keeps interfering — está continuamente entrometiéndose, no deja de entrometerse

    I keep forgetting to bring itnunca me acuerdo or siempre me olvido de traerlo

    3)
    a) \<\<food\>\> conservarse (fresco)
    b) \<\<news/matter\>\> esperar

    I have something to tell you - will it keep till later? — tengo algo que decirte - ¿puede esperar a más tarde?

    how are you keeping? — ¿qué tal estás? (fam)

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > keep

  • 13 let

    I [let] present participle - letting; verb
    1) (to allow or permit: She refused to let her children go out in the rain; Let me see your drawing.) lade
    2) (to cause to: I will let you know how much it costs.) lade
    3) (used for giving orders or suggestions: If they will not work, let them starve; Let's (= let us) leave right away!) lad
    - let someone or something alone/be
    - let alone/be
    - let down
    - let fall
    - let go of
    - let go
    - let in
    - out
    - let in for
    - let in on
    - let off
    - let up
    - let well alone
    II [let] present participle - letting; verb
    (to give the use of (a house etc) in return for payment: He lets his house to visitors in the summer.) udleje
    * * *
    I [let] present participle - letting; verb
    1) (to allow or permit: She refused to let her children go out in the rain; Let me see your drawing.) lade
    2) (to cause to: I will let you know how much it costs.) lade
    3) (used for giving orders or suggestions: If they will not work, let them starve; Let's (= let us) leave right away!) lad
    - let someone or something alone/be
    - let alone/be
    - let down
    - let fall
    - let go of
    - let go
    - let in
    - out
    - let in for
    - let in on
    - let off
    - let up
    - let well alone
    II [let] present participle - letting; verb
    (to give the use of (a house etc) in return for payment: He lets his house to visitors in the summer.) udleje

    English-Danish dictionary > let

  • 14 so

    {sou}
    I. 1. за степен толкова, така
    not SO big, etc. as не толкова/така голям и пр., колкото/като
    he was not SO much angry as disappointed не беше толкова ядосан, колкото разочарован, по-скоро беше разочарован, отколкото ядосан
    be SO kind as to бъди така добър да
    SO sorry! извинете! he was SO ill that беше така болен/зле, че
    he is not SO clever a boy as his brother не e толкова интелигентен като брат си
    ever SO (толкова) много
    2. за начин така, тъй, по този/такъв начин
    quite/just SO точно така, съвършено вярно, именно
    is that SO? така ли? нима? must it be SO? така ли трябва (да бъде)? if SO ако е така, в такъв случай
    why/how SO? защо/как така? as X is to Y, SO Y is to Z мат. както x се отнася към у, така у се отнася към z
    as a man sows SO he shall reap каквото посееш, такова ще пожънеш
    SO that така че
    SO as to за да, така че да
    and SO on and SO forth и така нататък
    SO to say/speak така да се каже
    or SO приблизително, около
    in a month or SO след около един месец
    3. също и (аз, ти и пр.), и (аз, ти и пр.) също
    he is twenty and SO am I той e на двайсет години и аз също
    I liked the film and SO did my husband филмът ми хареса и на мъжа ми също
    4. за изразяване на съгласие
    he is an excellent actor. SO he is той e отличен актъор. -вярно, така e
    she works very hard. -SO she does тя работи много (усърдно). вярно, така е
    5. замества дума, фраза
    I told you SO казах ти
    I believe/think SO, SO I believe/think мисля, че да, така мисля
    I don't think SO не ми се вярва, не мисля, че е така
    you don't say SO? нима? наистина ли? хайде де
    6. в съчет.
    SO far дотук, толкова далеч, досега, до този момент
    SO far as I know доколкото знам
    SO far, SO good дотук добре
    SO far from being a help he was a hindrance не само че не помагаше, ами пречеше
    SO long as при условие че, ако
    SO much/many толкова (и толкова)
    he didn't SO much as ask me to sit down дори не ме покани да седна
    this is SO much nonsense това ca просто глупости
    SO much for his manners това са маниерите му, толкова му е възпитанието
    they are poor, SO much SO that те са бедни дотолкова, че
    II. cj така че, и така, следователно, значи
    SO you're back значи си се върнал
    she asked me to go SO I went тя ме покани да отида и аз отидох
    it costs a lot of money SO use it carefully скъпо е, така че употребявай го внимателно
    * * *
    {sou} adv 1. за степен толкова, така; not so big, etc. as не толков(2) {sou} cj така че; и така, следователно, значи; so you're back з
    * * *
    такъв; толкова; тъй; така; дотолкова;
    * * *
    1. and so on and so forth и така нататък 2. as a man sows so he shall reap каквото посееш, такова ще пожънеш 3. be so kind as to бъди така добър да 4. ever so (толкова) много 5. he didn't so much as ask me to sit down дори не ме покани да седна 6. he is an excellent actor. so he is той e отличен актъор. -вярно, така e 7. he is not so clever a boy as his brother не e толкова интелигентен като брат си 8. he is twenty and so am i той e на двайсет години и аз също 9. he was not so much angry as disappointed не беше толкова ядосан, колкото разочарован, по-скоро беше разочарован, отколкото ядосан 10. i believe/think so, so i believe/think мисля, че да, така мисля 11. i don't think so не ми се вярва, не мисля, че е така 12. i liked the film and so did my husband филмът ми хареса и на мъжа ми също 13. i told you so казах ти 14. i. за степен толкова, така 15. ii. cj така че, и така, следователно, значи 16. in a month or so след около един месец 17. is that so? така ли? нима? must it be so? така ли трябва (да бъде)? if so ако е така, в такъв случай 18. it costs a lot of money so use it carefully скъпо е, така че употребявай го внимателно 19. not so big, etc. as не толкова/така голям и пр., колкото/като 20. or so приблизително, около 21. quite/just so точно така, съвършено вярно, именно 22. she asked me to go so i went тя ме покани да отида и аз отидох 23. she works very hard. -so she does тя работи много (усърдно). вярно, така е 24. so as to за да, така че да 25. so far as i know доколкото знам 26. so far from being a help he was a hindrance не само че не помагаше, ами пречеше 27. so far дотук, толкова далеч, досега, до този момент 28. so far, so good дотук добре 29. so long as при условие че, ако 30. so much for his manners това са маниерите му, толкова му е възпитанието 31. so much/many толкова (и толкова) 32. so sorry! извинете! he was so ill that беше така болен/зле, че 33. so that така че 34. so to say/speak така да се каже 35. so you're back значи си се върнал 36. they are poor, so much so that те са бедни дотолкова, че 37. this is so much nonsense това ca просто глупости 38. why/how so? защо/как така? as x is to y, so y is to z мат. както x се отнася към у, така у се отнася към z 39. you don't say so? нима? наистина ли? хайде де 40. в съчет 41. за изразяване на съгласие 42. за начин така, тъй, по този/такъв начин 43. замества дума, фраза 44. също и (аз, ти и пр.), и (аз, ти и пр.) също
    * * *
    so [sou] I. adv 1. така, тъй, по такъв начин; quite \so, just \so точно така, съвършено вярно, именно; is that \so? така ли? нима? \so be it така да бъде; if \so ако е така; в такъв случай; as X is to Y \so Y is to Z мат. както х се отнася към у, така и у към z; as a man sows, \so shall he reap каквото си посял, това ще пожънеш; \so help me God Боже помози! and \so on, and \so forth и така нататък, и пр., и пр.; \so to speak ( say) така да се каже, един вид; 2. така и, също (и) (в положителни изречения); I like coffee, - So do I обичам кафе, - и аз също; I have a car and \so has my husband имам кола, а също така и моят съпруг има; \so that; \so as така, че да; за да; he has to work hard \so that he can buy his children nice clothes той трябва да работи много за да купи на децата си хубави дрехи; they went on foot, \so as not to be heard вървяха пеша за да не ги чуят; 3. толкова, дотолкова; (in) \so far as (дотолкова) доколкото; in \so distant a place толкова надалече; would you be \so kind as to... ще бъдете ли така любезен да ...; \so far дотук; досега, до този момент; \so far \so good дотук всичко е добре; \so long! довиждане! всичко хубаво! \so long as при положение, че; \so many ( much) също толкова; още толкова; \so much \so that още повече, че; \so much the better толкова по-добре; \so sorry! много се извинявам! 4.: or \so приблизително, около; three days or \so около три дни; 5. в съчет.: \so called така (тъй) наречен, иже нарицаем; 6.: \so(-)\so горе-долу, средна работа; II. cj 1. и така, значи, следователно; та; \so you are back again значи ти се върна; \so that's that разг. значи така; \so what? и какво от това? е и (какво)? 2. наистина; we can go there, - \so we can! можем да отидем, - наистина! III. pron 1. това; така; тъй; he said \so, \so he said той така (това) каза; you don't say \so нима! наистина ли? it wasn't \so very long ago не беше чак толкова отдавна; fold the paper over, like \so! сгъни хартията, ето така! 2.: \so and \so еди-кой (какво) си; еди-как си.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > so

  • 15 much

    [mʌtʃ] 1.

    does it hurt much?fa tanto o molto male?

    2) (often) molto, spesso
    3) (nearly) più o meno, pressappoco, all'incirca

    very much (a lot) molto; (absolutely) moltissimo, tantissimo

    thanks very muchmolte o mille grazie

    as muchtanto (as quanto)

    however much — sebbene, per quanto

    not so much X as Y — non tanto X, ma piuttosto Y

    6) much as per quanto, anche se

    much as we regret our decision we have no choiceanche se ci dispiace o per quanto ci dispiaccia dover prendere una tale decisione non abbiamo scelta

    7) much less tanto meno

    I've never seen him much less spoken to him — non l'ho mai visto, né tanto meno gli ho parlato

    without so much as saying goodbye, as an apology — senza neanche salutare, senza neanche scusarsi

    so much for equalitycolloq. addio uguaglianza

    2.
    quantisostantivo femminile molto, tanto
    3.
    1) (a great deal) molto m., tanto m.

    to make much of sth. — (focus on) dare importanza a qcs.

    2) (expressing a relative amount, degree)

    so much of the time, it's a question of patience — nella maggior parte dei casi è una questione di pazienza

    it's too much!è troppo! (in protest) questo è troppo!

    I'll say this much for him, he's honest — posso dirti questo di lui: è una persona onesta

    this much is certain, we'll have no choice — una cosa è certa, non avremo scelta

    3) (focusing on limitations, inadequacy)

    it's not o nothing much non è niente di che; it's not up to much BE non è un granché; he's not much to look at (fisicamente) non è un granché; she doesn't think much of him non ha una buona opinione di lui; I'm not much of a reader non sono un gran lettore, non amo molto leggere; it wasn't much of a life così non era vivere; I'm not much of a one for cooking — colloq. cucinare non è il mio forte

    ••

    to — AE

    it — (in contest) = sono molto vicini

    there isn't much in it for us (to our advantage) non ci guadagnamo un granché

    ••
    Note:
    When much is used as an adverb, it is translated by molto: it's much longer = è molto più lungo; she doesn't talk much = lei non parla molto. For particular usages, see I below. - When much is used as a pronoun, it is usually translated by molto: there is much to learn = c'è molto da imparare. However, in negative sentences non... un granché is also used: I didn't learn much = non ho imparato un granché. - When much is used as a quantifier, it is translated by molto or molta according to the gender of the following noun: they don't have much money / much luck = non hanno molto denaro / molta fortuna. For particular usages, see II below
    * * *
    comparative of; see more
    * * *
    [mʌtʃ] 1.

    does it hurt much?fa tanto o molto male?

    2) (often) molto, spesso
    3) (nearly) più o meno, pressappoco, all'incirca

    very much (a lot) molto; (absolutely) moltissimo, tantissimo

    thanks very muchmolte o mille grazie

    as muchtanto (as quanto)

    however much — sebbene, per quanto

    not so much X as Y — non tanto X, ma piuttosto Y

    6) much as per quanto, anche se

    much as we regret our decision we have no choiceanche se ci dispiace o per quanto ci dispiaccia dover prendere una tale decisione non abbiamo scelta

    7) much less tanto meno

    I've never seen him much less spoken to him — non l'ho mai visto, né tanto meno gli ho parlato

    without so much as saying goodbye, as an apology — senza neanche salutare, senza neanche scusarsi

    so much for equalitycolloq. addio uguaglianza

    2.
    quantisostantivo femminile molto, tanto
    3.
    1) (a great deal) molto m., tanto m.

    to make much of sth. — (focus on) dare importanza a qcs.

    2) (expressing a relative amount, degree)

    so much of the time, it's a question of patience — nella maggior parte dei casi è una questione di pazienza

    it's too much!è troppo! (in protest) questo è troppo!

    I'll say this much for him, he's honest — posso dirti questo di lui: è una persona onesta

    this much is certain, we'll have no choice — una cosa è certa, non avremo scelta

    3) (focusing on limitations, inadequacy)

    it's not o nothing much non è niente di che; it's not up to much BE non è un granché; he's not much to look at (fisicamente) non è un granché; she doesn't think much of him non ha una buona opinione di lui; I'm not much of a reader non sono un gran lettore, non amo molto leggere; it wasn't much of a life così non era vivere; I'm not much of a one for cooking — colloq. cucinare non è il mio forte

    ••

    to — AE

    it — (in contest) = sono molto vicini

    there isn't much in it for us (to our advantage) non ci guadagnamo un granché

    ••
    Note:
    When much is used as an adverb, it is translated by molto: it's much longer = è molto più lungo; she doesn't talk much = lei non parla molto. For particular usages, see I below. - When much is used as a pronoun, it is usually translated by molto: there is much to learn = c'è molto da imparare. However, in negative sentences non... un granché is also used: I didn't learn much = non ho imparato un granché. - When much is used as a quantifier, it is translated by molto or molta according to the gender of the following noun: they don't have much money / much luck = non hanno molto denaro / molta fortuna. For particular usages, see II below

    English-Italian dictionary > much

  • 16 nothing

    I 1. ['nʌθɪŋ]
    1) (no item, event, idea) niente, nulla

    she's just a friend, nothing more or less — è un'amica e nient'altro

    to have nothing to do with (no connection) non avere (a) che vedere con; (no dealings, involvement) non avere niente (a) che fare con

    to have nothing on (no clothes) essere nudo, non avere nulla addosso; (no engagements, plans) essere libero, non avere impegni

    you've got nothing on me!colloq. (to incriminate) non avete prove contro di me!

    he's got nothing on you!colloq. non è niente o non vale niente in confronto a te!

    he means o is nothing to me lui non significa niente per me; it meant nothing to him non gli importava ( that, whether che); the names meant nothing to him i nomi non gli dicevano nulla; to think nothing of doing (consider normal) trovare normale fare; (not baulk at) non esitare a fare; think nothing of it! non è nulla! si figuri! there's really nothing to it! — è veramente facile!

    for nothing (for free) gratuitamente, gratis; (pointlessly) per niente

    4) (indicating absence of trait, quality)

    nothing interesting o of any interest niente di interessante; it seems easy but it's nothing of the kind sembra facile ma non è così; you'll do nothing of the sort! — non farai una cosa del genere!

    5) (emphatic: setting up comparisons)
    6) (no truth, value, use)

    there's nothing in it(in gossip, rumour) non c'è niente di vero; (in magazine, booklet) non c'è niente di interessante

    they've done nothing but moancolloq. non hanno fatto altro che lamentarsi

    2. 3.
    1) (nothingness) niente m., nulla m.
    ••

    nothing doing!colloq. niente da fare! non se ne parla nemmeno!

    there's nothing for it!BE non c'è altro da fare!

    II ['nʌθɪŋ]
    2) (emphatic: totally, only)
    3) (emphatic: decidedly)
    * * *
    1. pronoun
    (no thing; not anything: There was nothing in the cupboard; I have nothing new to say.) niente
    2. noun
    (the number 0; nought: The final score was five - nothing (= 5 - 0).)
    3. adverb
    (not at all: He's nothing like his father.) per nulla/niente, non affatto
    - come to nothing
    - for nothing
    - have nothing to do with
    - make nothing of
    - mean nothing to
    - next to nothing
    - nothing but
    - nothing doing!
    - there is nothing to it
    - think nothing of
    - to say nothing of
    * * *
    I 1. ['nʌθɪŋ]
    1) (no item, event, idea) niente, nulla

    she's just a friend, nothing more or less — è un'amica e nient'altro

    to have nothing to do with (no connection) non avere (a) che vedere con; (no dealings, involvement) non avere niente (a) che fare con

    to have nothing on (no clothes) essere nudo, non avere nulla addosso; (no engagements, plans) essere libero, non avere impegni

    you've got nothing on me!colloq. (to incriminate) non avete prove contro di me!

    he's got nothing on you!colloq. non è niente o non vale niente in confronto a te!

    he means o is nothing to me lui non significa niente per me; it meant nothing to him non gli importava ( that, whether che); the names meant nothing to him i nomi non gli dicevano nulla; to think nothing of doing (consider normal) trovare normale fare; (not baulk at) non esitare a fare; think nothing of it! non è nulla! si figuri! there's really nothing to it! — è veramente facile!

    for nothing (for free) gratuitamente, gratis; (pointlessly) per niente

    4) (indicating absence of trait, quality)

    nothing interesting o of any interest niente di interessante; it seems easy but it's nothing of the kind sembra facile ma non è così; you'll do nothing of the sort! — non farai una cosa del genere!

    5) (emphatic: setting up comparisons)
    6) (no truth, value, use)

    there's nothing in it(in gossip, rumour) non c'è niente di vero; (in magazine, booklet) non c'è niente di interessante

    they've done nothing but moancolloq. non hanno fatto altro che lamentarsi

    2. 3.
    1) (nothingness) niente m., nulla m.
    ••

    nothing doing!colloq. niente da fare! non se ne parla nemmeno!

    there's nothing for it!BE non c'è altro da fare!

    II ['nʌθɪŋ]
    2) (emphatic: totally, only)
    3) (emphatic: decidedly)

    English-Italian dictionary > nothing

  • 17 operational

    adjective
    1) Einsatz[flugzeug, -breite]; (Mil.) Einsatz-
    2) (esp. Mil.): (ready to function) einsatzbereit
    * * *
    adjective (in good working order.) Einsatz...
    * * *
    op·era·tion·al
    [ˌɒpərˈeɪʃənəl, AM ˌɑ:pəˈreɪ-]
    adj inv
    1. (in business) betrieblich, Betriebs-
    \operational costs Betriebskosten pl
    2. (functioning) betriebsbereit, funktionstüchtig
    to be fully \operational (concerning function) voll funktionsfähig sein; (concerning purpose) voll einsatzfähig sein
    * * *
    ["ɒpə'reISənl]
    adj
    1) (= ready for use or action) machine, vehicle betriebsbereit or -fähig; army unit, aeroplane, tank etc einsatzbereit or -fähig; (fig) worker etc einsatzbereit or -fähig; (= in use or action) machine, vehicle etc in Betrieb, in or im Gebrauch; airport in Betrieb; army unit etc im Einsatz
    2) (= relating to operation TECH, COMM) Betriebs-; (MIL) Einsatz-; problems, duties operativ

    for operational reasonsaus operativen Gründen

    operational research — betriebliche Verfahrens- or Planungsforschung, Operations Research f

    operational staff (for machinery)Bedienungspersonal nt; (in military, police action) Einsatzkräfte pl

    operational range (of radar etc)Einflussbereich m; (of aircraft) Flugbereich m

    * * *
    operational [ˌɒpəˈreıʃənl; US ˌɑ-] adj
    1. TECH
    a) Funktions…, Betriebs…, Arbeits…:
    operational electrode Arbeitselektrode f
    b) betriebsbereit
    2. WIRTSCH betrieblich, Betriebs…:
    operational research Br Unternehmensforschung f
    3. MIL Einsatz…, Operations…, einsatzfähig:
    operational aircraft Einsatzflugzeug n;
    operational area Einsatzgebiet n;
    operational fatigue Kriegsneurose f;
    operational height Einsatzflughöhe f
    4. SCHIFF klar, fahrbereit
    * * *
    adjective
    1) Einsatz[flugzeug, -breite]; (Mil.) Einsatz-
    2) (esp. Mil.): (ready to function) einsatzbereit
    * * *
    adj.
    betrieblich adj.

    English-german dictionary > operational

  • 18 spare

    1. adjective
    1) (not in use) übrig

    spare time/moment — Freizeit, die/freier Augenblick

    are there any spare tickets for Friday?gibt es noch Karten für Freitag?

    2) (for use when needed) zusätzlich, Extra[bett, -tasse]

    spare room — Gästezimmer, das

    go spare(Brit. coll.): (be very angry) durchdrehen (salopp)

    2. noun
    Ersatzteil, das/-reifen, der usw.
    3. transitive verb
    1) (do without) entbehren

    can you spare me a moment?hast du einen Augenblick Zeit für mich?

    2) (not inflict on)
    3) (not hurt) [ver]schonen
    4) (fail to use)

    not spare any expense/pains or efforts — keine Kosten/Mühe scheuen

    no expense sparedan nichts gespart. See also academic.ru/62742/rod">rod 3)

    * * *
    [speə] 1. verb
    1) (to manage without: No-one can be spared from this office.) verschonen
    2) (to afford or set aside for a purpose: I can't spare the time for a holiday.) erübrigen
    3) (to treat with mercy; to avoid injuring etc: `Spare us!' they begged.) verschonen
    4) (to avoid causing grief, trouble etc to (a person): Break the news gently in order to spare her as much as possible.) ersparen
    5) (to avoid using, spending etc: He spared no expense in his desire to help us.) sparen
    6) (to avoid troubling (a person with something); to save( a person trouble etc): I answered the letter myself in order to spare you the bother.) ersparen
    2. adjective
    1) (extra; not actually being used: We haven't a spare (bed) room for guests in our house.) Ersatz-...
    2) ((of time etc) free for leisure etc: What do you do in your spare time?) die Freizeit
    3. noun
    1) (a spare part (for a car etc): They sell spares at that garage.) das Ersatzteil
    2) (an extra wheel etc, kept for emergencies.) der Reservereifen
    - sparing
    - sparingly
    - spare part
    - spare rib
    - and to spare
    - to spare
    * * *
    [speəʳ, AM sper]
    I. vt
    1. (not kill)
    to \spare sb jdn verschonen
    to \spare sb jdn schonen
    to not \spare oneself [in sth] ( form) sich akk selbst [bei etw dat] nicht schonen
    to \spare sb's feelings jds Gefühle schonen, Rücksicht auf jds Gefühle nehmen
    to \spare sb sth jdm etw ersparen
    the government troops have been \spared loss of life bis jetzt sind den Regierungstruppen Verluste [an Menschenleben] erspart geblieben
    \spare us the suspense and tell us who won the first prize spann uns nicht auf die Folter und erzähl uns, wer den ersten Preis gewonnen hat
    to \spare sb embarrassment/worry jdm Peinlichkeiten/Sorgen ersparen
    to \spare sth mit etw dat sparen
    to \spare no costs [or expense] keine Kosten scheuen
    to \spare no effort[s] [or pains] [in sth] [bei etw dat] keine Mühen scheuen
    5. (do without)
    to \spare sb/sth jdn/etw entbehren, auf jdn/etw verzichten
    can you \spare one of those apples? kannst du mir einen dieser Äpfel geben?
    to \spare room for sth für etw akk Platz [frei] haben
    to have sth to \spare etw übrig haben
    6. (make free)
    there's no time to \spare es ist keine Zeit übrig
    to \spare [the] time [for sth] Zeit [für etw akk] übrig haben
    to not have time to \spare keine Zeit zu verlieren haben
    7. (give)
    to \spare sb sth jdm etw geben
    could you \spare me £10 [or £10 for me]? kannst du mir 10 Pfund leihen?
    to \spare a thought for sb an jdn denken
    8.
    to \spare sb's blushes BRIT jdn nicht in Verlegenheit bringen
    to \spare one's breath ( iron) sich dat die Worte sparen
    \spare the rod and spoil the child ( prov) wer mit der Rute spart, verzieht das Kind prov
    to \spare übrig haben
    I caught the plane with only two minutes to \spare ich erreichte das Flugzeug zwei Minuten vor dem Abflug
    II. adj
    1. inv (extra) Ersatz-
    all children should bring a \spare set of clothes alle Kinder sollten Kleider zum Wechseln mitbringen
    is this seat \spare? ist dieser Platz noch frei?
    \spare [bed]room Gästezimmer nt
    to have some \spare cash noch etwas Geld übrig haben
    \spare key Ersatzschlüssel m
    to have a \spare minute [or moment] einen Moment Zeit haben
    to be going \spare BRIT ( fam) übrig bleiben
    do you want this piece of cake?yes, if it's going \spare willst du dieses Stück Kuchen? — ja, wenn es sonst keiner will
    2. ( liter: thin) hager
    \spare build hagerer Körperbau
    3. ( liter: meagre) mager
    to survive on a \spare diet mit dürftiger Kost auskommen
    \spare meal mageres Essen
    4. ( usu approv liter: modest) einfach
    the room was \spare in design der Raum war sparsam ausgestattet
    5. inv BRIT (sl: crazy)
    to drive sb \spare jdn wahnsinnig machen fam
    to go \spare durchdrehen sl
    III. n
    1. (reserve) Reserve f
    I seem to have lost my key but luckily I always carry a \spare ich habe wohl meinen Schlüssel verloren, aber glücklicherweise trage ich immer einen Ersatzschlüssel bei mir
    2. (parts)
    \spares pl Ersatzteile pl
    * * *
    [spɛə(r)]
    1. adj
    1) den/die/das man nicht braucht, übrig pred; (= surplus) überzählig, übrig pred

    have you any spare string?, have you any string spare? — kannst du mir (einen) Bindfaden geben?, hast du (einen) Bindfaden für mich?

    I can give you a racket/pencil, I have a spare one — ich kann dir einen Schläger/Bleistift geben, ich habe noch einen or ich habe einen übrig

    take a spare pen in case that one doesn't work — nehmen Sie noch einen Füller mit, falls dieser nicht funktioniert

    it's all the spare cash I have —

    when you have a few spare minutes or a few minutes spare —

    2) (= thin) hager; (= meagre) dürftig
    3)

    to go sparedurchdrehen (inf), wild werden (inf)

    2. n
    Ersatzteil nt; (= tyre) Reserverad nt
    3. vt
    1) usu neg (= grudge, use sparingly) sparen mit; expense, pains, effort scheuen

    we must spare no effort in trying to finish this job —

    there was no expense spared in building this hotelbeim Bau dieses Hotels ist an nichts gespart worden or hat man keine Kosten gescheut

    spare the rod and spoil the child (prov) — wer mit der Rute spart, verzieht das Kind (Prov)

    2) (= give) money etc übrig haben; space, room frei haben; time (übrig) haben

    to spare sb sth — jdm etw überlassen or geben; money jdm etw geben

    can you spare the time to do it? — haben Sie Zeit, das zu machen?

    I can spare you five minutes —

    there is none to spare — es ist keine(r, s) übrig

    to have sth to spare —

    to have a few minutes/hours to spare — ein paar Minuten/Stunden Zeit haben

    I got to the theatre/airport with two minutes to spare — ich war zwei Minuten vor Beginn der Vorstellung im Theater/vor Abflug am Flughafen

    3) (= do without) person, object entbehren, verzichten auf (+acc)

    I can't spare him/it — ich kann ihn/es nicht entbehren, ich kann auf ihn/es nicht verzichten, ich brauche ihn/es unbedingt

    can you spare this for a moment? — brauchst du das gerade?, kannst du das im Moment entbehren?

    to spare a thought for sb/sth — an jdn/etw denken

    4) (= show mercy to) verschonen; (= refrain from upsetting) sb, sb's feelings schonen

    the fire spared nothing —

    5)

    (= save) to spare sb/oneself sth — jdm/sich etw ersparen

    spare me the gory detailsverschone mich mit den grausigen Einzelheiten

    to spare him any embarrassmentum ihn nicht in Verlegenheit zu bringen

    he has been spared the ordeal of seeing her again — es blieb ihm erspart, sie noch einmal sehen zu müssen

    * * *
    spare [speə(r)]
    A v/t
    1. jemanden oder etwas verschonen, einen Gegner, jemandes Gefühle, jemandes Leben schonen:
    (not) spare o.s. sich (nicht) schonen;
    spare his blushes bring ihn doch nicht in Verlegenheit!
    2. sparsam oder schonend umgehen mit, schonen:
    don’t spare the paint spar nicht mit (der) Farbe; effort 1, expense Bes Redew, pain A 3, rod 3
    3. jemandem etwas ersparen, jemanden verschonen mit:
    spare me the trouble erspare mir die Mühe;
    spare me these explanations verschone mich mit diesen Erklärungen
    4. jemanden entbehren
    5. etwas entbehren, erübrigen, übrig haben:
    can you spare me a cigarette (a moment)? hast du eine Zigarette (einen Augenblick Zeit) für mich (übrig)?;
    have no time to spare keine Zeit (zu verlieren) haben; enough B
    B v/i sparsam leben
    C adj
    1. Ersatz…, Reserve…:
    spare tire (bes Br tyre)
    a) Reserve-, Ersatzreifen m
    b) Br umg hum Rettungsring m (Fettwulst um die Hüfte);
    spare part D 1;
    spare-part surgery MED Ersatzteilchirurgie f;
    spare wheel Reserve-, Ersatzrad n; you can have my biro, I’ve got a spare one ich hab noch einen
    2. überflüssig, -schüssig, übrig:
    do you have five spare minutes? haben Sie fünf Minuten Zeit (übrig)?;
    spare moment freier Augenblick;
    spare room Gästezimmer n;
    spare time ( oder hours pl) Freizeit f;
    spare-time activities pl Freizeitgestaltung f
    3. sparsam, kärglich
    4. sparsam (Person)
    5. mager (Person)
    a) jemanden auf die Palme bringen,
    b) jemanden verrückt machen ( with mit);
    go spare auf die Palme gehen
    D s
    1. TECH Ersatzteil n/m
    2. Reserve-, Ersatzreifen m
    3. Bowling: Spare m (Abräumen mit 2 Würfen)
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (not in use) übrig

    spare time/moment — Freizeit, die/freier Augenblick

    2) (for use when needed) zusätzlich, Extra[bett, -tasse]

    spare room — Gästezimmer, das

    go spare(Brit. coll.): (be very angry) durchdrehen (salopp)

    2. noun
    Ersatzteil, das/-reifen, der usw.
    3. transitive verb
    1) (do without) entbehren
    3) (not hurt) [ver]schonen

    not spare any expense/pains or efforts — keine Kosten/Mühe scheuen

    no expense spared — an nichts gespart. See also rod 3)

    * * *
    adj.
    frei adj.
    übrig adj. v.
    entbehren v.
    erübrigen v.
    jemandem etwas ersparen ausdr.
    jemanden verschonen ausdr.
    schonen v.
    sparen v.
    verschonen v.
    übrig haben ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > spare

  • 19 Cost

    subs.
    Price: Ar. and P. τιμή, ἡ, P. ὠνή, ἡ, P. and V. ἀξία, ἡ, V. τῖμος, ὁ; see Price.
    Legal costs (paid by the loser in an action.): P. ἐπωβελία, ἡ.
    Expense: P. and V. νλωμα, τό, δαπνη, ἡ (Eur., H.F. 592).
    You shall speak to your cost: V. κλων ἐρεῖς (Soph., O.R. 1152; same construction often in Aristophanes).
    To make plans to avoid death at all costs: P. μηχανᾶσθαι ὅπως (τις) ἀποφεύξεται πᾶν ποιῶν θάνατον (Plat., Ap. 39A).
    Without cost, adj.: Ar. δπανος, or use adv., V. δαπνως; see Free.
    At the cost of: P. and V. ἀντ (gen.).
    At what cost? P. and V. πόσου;
    ——————
    v. trans.
    Be valued at: P. τιμᾶσθαι (gen.).
    met., deprive of: P. and V. στερίσκειν (τινά τινος).
    I refused to charge more than they cost me: P. οὐκ ἠθέλησα πράξασθαι πλέον ἢ ὅσου ἐμοὶ κατέστησαν (Andoc. 21).
    Be at a price: use Ar. and P. γίγνεσθαι (gen.).
    Costing nothing, adj.: Ar. δπανος, or adv., V. δαπνως.

    Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Cost

  • 20 return on sales

    Fin
    a company’s operating profit or loss as a percentage of total sales for a given period, typically a year.
    Abbr. ROS
    EXAMPLE
    Return on sales shows how efficiently management uses the sales income, thus reflecting its ability to manage costs and overhead and operate efficiently. It also indicates a firm’s ability to withstand adverse conditions such as falling prices, rising costs, or declining sales. The higher the figure, the better a company is able to endure price wars and falling prices. It is calculated using the basic formula:
    Operating profit / total sales × 100 = Percentage return on sales
    So, if a company earns $30 on sales of $400, its return on sales is:
    30 / 400 = 0.075 × 100 = 7.5%
         Some calculations use operating profit before subtracting interest and taxes; others use after-tax income. Either figure is acceptable as long as ROS comparisons are consistent. Using income before interest and taxes will produce a higher ratio.
         Return on sales has its limits, since it sheds no light on the overall cost of sales or the four factors that contribute to it: materials, labor, production overheads, and administrative and selling overheads.

    The ultimate business dictionary > return on sales

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